阿片类物质使用所致障碍
Disorders due to use of opioids
- 上级条目
- 物质使用所致障碍
- 层级
- 4 级
定义
阿片类药物使用所致疾病以阿片类药物使用模式和后果为特征。阿片类物质是一个通用术语，包括罂粟成分或衍生物，以及一系列合成和半合成化合物，其中一些与吗啡有关，另一些化学性质不同，但都主要作用于µ阿片受体。阿片类药物包括吗啡、二乙酰吗啡（海洛因）、芬太尼、哌替啶、羟考酮、氢吗啡酮、美沙酮、丁丙诺啡、可待因和d-丙氧芬。阿片类药物都具有不同效力的镇痛特性，主要是中枢神经系统抑制剂。它们抑制呼吸和其他重要功能，是过量服用和相关死亡的常见原因。某些阿片类药物通过非肠道途径使用或施用，包括海洛因，这是一种常见且强效阿片类药物，主要用于非医疗用途。治疗性阿片类药物在世界范围内有多种适应症，对癌症疼痛和姑息治疗中的疼痛管理至关重要，尽管它们也用于非治疗性原因。在一些国家，与治疗性阿片类药物有关的发病率和死亡率高于与海洛因有关的发病率和死亡率。所有阿片类药物均可导致阿片类药物中毒、阿片类药物依赖和阿片类药物戒断。出现一系列阿片类药物使用所致疾病，其中一些发生在阿片类药物戒断后。
Disorders due to use of opioids are characterised by the pattern and consequences of opioid use. Opioids is a generic term that encompasses the constituents or derivatives of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum as well as a range of synthetic and semisynthetic compounds, some related to morphine and others chemically distinct but all having their primary actions on the µ opioid receptor. Examples of opioids include morphine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), fentanyl, pethidine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, buprenorphine, codeine and d-propoxyphene. The opioids all have analgesic properties of different potencies and are primarily central nervous system depressants. They suppress respiration as well as other vital functions and are a common cause of overdose and related deaths. Certain opioids are used or administered parenterally, including heroin, a common and potent opioid that is primarily used non-medically. Therapeutic opioids are prescribed for a range of indications worldwide, and are essential for pain management in cancer pain and palliative care, although they are also used for non-therapeutic reasons. In some countries morbidity and mortality related to therapeutic opioids is greater than that related to heroin. All opioids may result in Opioid Intoxication, Opioid Dependence and Opioid Withdrawal. A range of Opioid-Induced Disorders occur, some of which occur following Opioid Withdrawal.
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