叶酸盐缺乏

定义

叶酸营养缺乏在限制性饮食的人中很常见。这可能会因吸收不良加剧，包括乳糜泻和热带口炎性腹泻。孕妇有叶酸缺乏风险，因为妊娠显著增加叶酸需求，特别是在胎儿快速生长时期（即在中晚期妊娠）。哺乳期，母乳中叶酸的损失也增加了叶酸的需求。妊娠期间，胎儿神经管畸形（NTD）的风险增加，随着叶酸状态从足够到较差，风险增加10倍。在受孕后21天到27天，神经板闭合最终将形成脊髓和头颅区域。脊柱裂、无脑和其他类似情况统称为NTD。它们分别是由于脊髓和颅骨闭合不当所致，是叶酸缺乏症最常见的先天性畸形。

Nutritional deficiency of folate is common in people consuming a limited diet. This can be exacerbated by malabsorption conditions, including coeliac disease and tropical sprue. Pregnant women are at risk for folate deficiency because pregnancy significantly increases the folate requirement, especially during periods of rapid fetal growth (i.e. in the second and third trimester). During lactation, losses of folate in milk also increase the folate requirement. During pregnancy, there is an increased risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs), with risk increasing 10-fold as folate status goes from adequate to poor. Between days 21 and 27 post-conception, the neural plate closes to form what will eventually be the spinal cord and cranium. Spina bifida, anencephaly, and other similar conditions are collectively called NTDs. They result from improper closure of the spinal cord and cranium, respectively, and are the most common congenital abnormalities associated with folate deficiency.

有有力证据表明，这与一种基因变异有关，该基因变异影响叶酸代谢，并增加罹患NTD的风险。然而，可能还有其他基因型具有不良出生结果的特殊风险，这些基因型可能对补充叶酸产生积极反应。一些证据支持叶酸水平与其他出生缺陷（如口面裂和心脏缺陷）的风险之间存在关联。 确保妇女在受孕前摄入足够的叶酸，可减少高达 50%的 NTD。为15-49岁的妇女补充叶酸，并在小麦粉等食物中添加叶酸，是减少新生儿出生缺陷、发病率和死亡率的有效干预措施。

索引词 可用于检索该条目的同义词与别名

• 叶酸盐缺乏
• 叶酸缺乏
• 叶酸缺乏引起的周围神经病
• 叶酸缺乏引起的痴呆
• 叶酸缺乏引起的脊髓病
• 叶酸缺乏引起的视神经病变
• 叶酸缺乏引起的脑病